List of psychedelic plants
A list of plants that are used for psychedelic drugs. Some of them have been used for thousands of years for religious purposes. The plants are listed according to the substances they contain.
Contents |
THC
Main article: Cannabis (drug)
Cannabis (Marijuana) is a popular psychedelic plant. Cannabis is also unique in that it contains a psychedelic substance, THC, which contains no nitrogen and is not an indole, phenethylamine, anticholinergic (deliriant), or a dissociative drug. Cannabis plants tend to vary, with different strains producing dynamic balances of psychoactive cannabinoids (THC, CBD, etc) that cause different strains to produce markedly different effects, popular strains often being hybrids of both Cannabis Sativa and Cannabis Indica. Currently, certain universities and research firms are studying the medicinal effects of cannabis. Many jurisdictions have laws regulating (or outright prohibiting) the sale and use of medical cannabis to treat pain, insomnia, and stimulate appetite.
Tryptamines
Many of the psychedelic plants contain dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which is either snorted (Virola, Yopo snuffs), smoked, or drunk with MAOIs (Ayahuasca). It cannot simply be eaten as it is not orally active without a MAOI and it needs to be extremely concentrated to be smokable.
- Acanthaceae
Species, Alkaloid content, where given, refers to dried material -
- Fittonia albivenis, a common ornamental plant from South America. It is useful in the treatment of headaches, etc.
- Justicia pectoralis, DMT in leaves[1]
- Aceraceae
-
- Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple Tree) was found to contain the indole alkaloid gramine (not active and extremely toxic) 0.05% in the leaves, so it is possible that other members of this plant family contain active compounds.[2]
- Aizoaceae
-
- Delosperma acuminatum, DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[3]
- Delosperma cooperi, DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[3]
- Delosperma ecklonis, DMT[3]
- Delosperma esterhuyseniae, DMT[3]
- Delosperma hallii, 5-MEO-DMT[3]
- Delosperma harazianum, DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[3]
Delosperma harazianum
Shibam, DMT[3] - Delosperma hirtum, DMT[3]
Delosperma hallii
aff. litorale - Delosperma lydenbergense, DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[3]
- Delosperma nubigenum, 5-MEO-DMT[3]
- Delosperma pageanum, DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[3]
- Delosperma pergamentaceum, Traces of DMT[3]
- Delosperma tradescantioides, DMT[3]
- Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
-
- Acacia acuminata, Up to 1.5% alkaloids, mainly consisting of dimethyltryptamine in leaf[5]
- Acacia alpina, Active principles in leaf[6]
- Acacia angustissima, β-methyl-phenethylamine,[7] NMT and DMT in leaf (1.1-10.2 ppm)[8]
- Acacia aroma, Tryptamine alkaloids.[9] Significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds.[10]
- Acacia auriculiformis, 5-MeO-DMT in stem bark[11]
- Acacia acuminata, 0.6-1.5% DMT in bark (var. net ref.)
- Acacia baileyana, 0.02% tryptamine and β-carbolines, in the leaf, Tetrahydroharman[12]
- Acacia beauverdiana, Psychoactive[13] Ash used in Pituri.[14]
- Acacia berlandieri, DMT, amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine[15]
- Acacia catechu, DMT[3] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
- Acacia caven, Psychoactive[16]
- Acacia chundra, DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
- Acacia colei, DMT[17]
- Acacia complanata, 0.3% alkaloids in leaf and stem, almost all N-methyl-tetrahydroharman, with traces of tetrahydroharman, some of tryptamine[18][19][20]
- Acacia confusa, DMT & NMT in leaf, stem & bark 0.04% NMT and 0.02% DMT in stem.[6] Also N,N-dimethyltryptamine N-oxide[21]
- Acacia cornigera, Psychoactive,[16] Tryptamines[22]
- Acacia cultriformis, Tryptamine, in the leaf, stem[6] and seeds.[10] Phenethylamine in leaf and seeds[10]
- Acacia cuthbertsonii, Psychoactive[13]
- Acacia decurrens, Psychoactive,[16] but less than 0.02% alkaloids[12]
- Acacia delibrata, Psychoactive[13]
- Acacia falcata, Psychoactive,[13] but less than 0.02% alkaloids[12]
- Acacia farnesiana, Traces of 5-MeO-DMT[23] in fruit. β-methyl-phenethylamine, flower.[24] Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.[25] Alkaloids are present in the bark[26] and leaves.[27] Amphetamines and mescaline also found in tree.[22]
- Acacia floribunda, Tryptamine, phenethylamine,[28] in flowers[10] other tryptamines,[29]DMT,tryptamine,NMT 0.3-0.4% phyllodes.[30]
- Acacia georginae, Psychoactive,[16] plus deadly toxins
- Acacia horrida, Psychoactive[16]
- Acacia implexa, Psychoactive[31]
- Acacia jurema, DMT, NMT
- Acacia karroo, Psychoactive
- Acacia laeta, DMT, in the leaf[6]
- Acacia longifolia, 0.2% tryptamine in bark, leaves, some in flowers, phenylethylamine in flowers,[28] 0.2% DMT in plant.[32] Histamine alkaloids.[12]
Acacia longifolia var. sophorae, Tryptamine in leaves, bark[10]
- Acacia macradenia, Tryptamine[10]
- Acacia maidenii, 0.6% NMT and DMT in about a 2:3 ratio in the stem bark, both present in leaves[6]
- Acacia mangium, Psychoactive[16]
- Acacia melanoxylon, DMT, in the bark and leaf,[33] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[12]
- Acacia mellifera, DMT, in the leaf[6]
- Acacia nilotica, DMT, in the leaf[6]
- Acacia nilotica subsp. adstringens, Psychoactive, DMT in the leaf
- Acacia obtusifolia, Tryptamine, DMT, NMT, other tryptamines,[31] 0.4-0.5% in dried bark,0.15-0.2% in leaf, 0.07% in branch tips.[34]
- Acacia oerfota, Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[35] NMT
- Acacia penninervis, Psychoactive[13]
- Acacia phlebophylla, 0.3% DMT in leaf, NMT[6]
- Acacia podalyriaefolia, Tryptamine in the leaf,[6] 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark, phenethylamine, trace amounts.[28] Although this species is claimed to contain 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark the reference for this is invalid as there is no reference to Acacia Podalyriffolia anywhere in the reference article. Additionally, well known and proven extraction techniques for DMT have failed to produce any DMT or alkaloids from fresh bark or the leaves on multiple sample taken at various seasons. Should DMT actually exist in this species of Acacia then it exists in extremely small amounts and have failed to produce any alkaloids with Acid/Base extraction techniques using HCl/Na(OH)2. On the same note, more academic research is definitely required into the DMT content of this and other Australian Acacia species with proper chemical analysis of sample.
- Acacia polyacantha, DMT in leaf[6] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
- Acacia polyacantha ssp. campylacantha, Less than 0.2% DMT in leaf, NMT; DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark[36]
- Acacia rigidula, DMT, NMT, tryptamine, traces of amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine and others[37]
- Acacia sassa, Psychoactive[16]
- Acacia schaffneri, β-methyl-phenethylamine, Phenethylamine[38] Amphetamines and mescaline also found.[22]
- Acacia senegal, Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[6] NMT, other tryptamines. DMT in plant,[24] DMT in bark.[10]
- Acacia seyal, DMT, in the leaf.[6] Ether extracts about 1-7% of the dried leaf mass.[25]
- Acacia sieberiana, DMT, in the leaf[6]
- Acacia simplex , DMT and NMT, in the leaf, stem and trunk bark, 0.81% DMT in bark, MMT[6][39]
- Acacia tortilis, DMT, NMT, and other tryptamines[31]
- Acacia vestita, Tryptamine, in the leaf and stem,[6] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[12]
- Acacia victoriae, Tryptamines, 5-MeO-alkyltryptamine[10]
- List of Acacia Species Having Little or No Alkaloids in the Material Sampled:[12]
(0%
C 0.02%, Concentration of Alkaloids)
- Albizia inundata leaves contain DMT.[16]
- Anadenanthera colubrina,
Bufotenin, Beans,[40][41] Bufotenin oxide, Beans,[40] N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Beans,[40][41] pods,[40]
- Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil - Bufotenin and Dimethyltryptamine have been isolated from the seeds and seed pods, 5-MeO-DMT from the bark of the stems.[42] The seeds were found to contain 12.4% bufotenine, 0.06% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.06% DMT.[43]
- Anadenanthera peregrina,
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-beta-carboline, Plant,[41] 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-methyl-beta-carboline, Plant,[41] 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Bark,[41] 5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine, Bark,[41] Bufotenin, plant,[41] beans,[40] Bufotenin N-oxide, Fruit,[41] beans,[40] N,N-Dimethyltryptamine-oxide, Fruit[41][44]
- Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina,
Bufotenine is in the seeds.[45]
- Desmanthus illinoensis, 0% - 0.34% DMT in root bark, highly variable.[46] Also NMT, N-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, 2-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, and gramine (toxic).[47]
- Desmanthus leptolobus, 0.14% DMT in root bark, more reliable than D. illinoensis[46]
- Desmodium caudatum[48](syn. Ohwia caudata ), Roots: 0.087% DMT,
- Desmodium intortum, Bufotentine, DMT[49]
- Codariocalyx motorius(syn. Desmodium gyrans), DMT, 5-MEO-DMT, leaves, roots[50]
- Desmodium racemosum, 5-MEO-DMT[50]
- Desmodium triflorum, 0.0004% DMT-N-oxide, roots,[51] less in stems[51] and trace in leaves.[51]
- Lespedeza capitata,
- Lespedeza bicolor, DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in leaves and roots[52]
- Lespedeza bicolor var. japonica, DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in leaves and root bark[50]
- Mimosa ophthalmocentra, Dried root: DMT 1.6%, NMT 0.0012% and hordenine 0.0065%[53]
- Mimosa scabrella, Tryptamine, NMT, DMT and N-methyltetrahydrocarboline in bark[54]
- Mimosa somnians, Trytamines and MMT
- Mimosa tenuiflora(syn. "Mimosa hostilis"), 0.31-0.57% DMT (dry root bark).[55]
Mimosa verrucosa, DMT[56] in root bark
- Mucuna pruriens, "The leaves, seeds, stems and roots contain L-Dopa, Serotonin, 5-HTP, and Nicotine, as well as N,N-DMT, Bufotenine, and 5-MeO-DMT."[57]
- Petalostylis casseoides, 0.4-0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems[52]
- Petalostylis labicheoides var. casseoides, DMT in leaves and stems[50]
- Phyllodium pulchellum(syn. Desmodium pulchellum), 0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT[52] DMT (dominates in seedlings and young plants), 5-MEO-DMT (dominates in mature plant), whole plant, roots, stems, leaves, flowers[50]
- Erythrina flabelliformis, other Erythrina species, seeds contain the alkaloids Erysodin and Erysovin[58]
- Caesalpinioideae subfamily
-
- Petalostylis cassioides: 0.4-0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems[59]
- Petalostylis labicheoides, Tryptamines in leaves and stems, MAO's up to 0.5%[60]
- Malpighiaceae
-
- Diplopterys cabrerana: DMT 0.17-1.74%, average of 0.47% DMT[61]
- Myristicaceae
-
- Horsfieldia superba: 5-MeO-DMT[52] and beta-carbolines[59]
- Iryanthera macrophylla: 5-MeO-DMT in bark[52]
- Iryanthera ulei: 5-MeO-DMT in bark[50]
- Osteophloem platyspermum: DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in bark[50]
- Virola calophylla, Leaves 0.149% DMT, leaves 0.006% MMT[50] 5-MeO-DMT in bark[62]
- Virola callophylloidea, DMT
- Virola carinata, DMT in leaves[50]
- Virola cuspidata, DMT[60]
- Virola divergens, DMT in leaves[50]
- Virola elongata(syn. Virola theiodora), DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in bark, roots, leaves and flowers[50]
- Virola melinonii, DMT in bark[50]
- Virola multinervia, DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in bark and roots[50]
- Virola pavonis, DMT in leaves[50]
- Virola peruviana, 5-MEO-DMT, traces of DMT and 5-MeO-tryptamine in bark[50]
- Virola rufula, Alkaloids in bark and root, 95% of which is MeO-DMT[63] 0.190% 5-MeO-DMT in bark,[50] 0.135% 5-MeO-DMT in root, 0.092% DMT in leaves.[50]
- Virola sebifera, The bark contains 0.065% to 0.25% alkaloids, most of which are DMT and 5-MeO-DMT.[64]
- Virola surinamensis, DMT[60] in bark[50]
- Virola venosa, DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in roots, leaves[50] DMT
- Ochnaceae
-
- Testulea gabonensis: 0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT,[52] DMT in bark and root bark,[50] NMT
- Poaceae (Gramineae) Some Graminae (grass) species contain gramine, which can cause brain damage, other organ damage, central nervous system damage and death in sheep.[65]
-
- Arundo donax, 0.0057% DMT in dried rhizome, no stem, 0.026% bufotenine, 0.0023% 5-MeO-MMT[66]
- Phalaris aquatica, 0.0007-0.18% Total alkaloids,[67] 0.100% DMT,[68] 0.022% 5-MeO-DMT,[68] 0.005% 5-OH-DMT[68]
- Phalaris arundinacea, 0.0004-0.121% Total alkaloids[67]
- Phalaris brachystachys, Aerial parts up to 3% total alkaloids, DMT present
- Phragmites australis, DMT in roots.[50] None of the above alkaloids are said to have been found in Phalaris californica, Phalaris canariensis, Phalaris minor and hybrids of P. arundinacea together with P. aquatica.[67]
- Polygonaceae
-
- Erigonum sp.: DMT[50]
- Punicaceae
-
- Punica granatum "DMT in root cortex;"[60] The dried stem and root bark of the tree contain about 0.4-0.9% alkaloids.[69]
- Rubiaceae
-
-
Psychotria carthagenensis, 0.2% average DMT in dried leaves[50]
- Psychotria expansa, DMT[60]
- Psychotria forsteriana, DMT[60]
- Psychotria insularum, DMT[60]
- Psychotria poeppigiana [2], DMT[60]
- Psychotria rostrata, DMT[60]
- Psychotria rufipilis, DMT[60]
- Psychotria viridis, DMT 0.1-0.61% dried mass.[70]
-
- Rutaceae
-
-
Dictyoloma incanescens, 5-MeO-DMT in leaves,[50][63] 0.04% 5-MeO-DMT in bark[52]
- Dutaillyea drupacea, > 0.4 % 5-MeO-DMT in leaves[31][50]
- Dutaillyea oreophila, 5-MeO-DMT in leaves[50]
- Tetradium ruticarpum(syn. Evodia rutaecarpa), 5-MeO-DMT in leaves,[50] fruit and roots
- Limonia acidissima, 5-MeO-DMT in stems[50]
- Euodia leptococca (formerly Melicope), 0.2% total alkaloids, 0.07% 5-MeO-DMT; 5-MeO-DMT in leaves and stems,[50] also "5-MeO-DMT-Oxide and a beta-carboline"[59]
- Pilocarpus organensis, 5-MeO-DMT in leaves[50]
- Vepris ampody, Up to 0.2% DMT in leaves and branches[50][52]
- Zanthoxylum arborescens, DMT in leaves[50]
- Zanthoxylum procerum, DMT in leaves[50]
-
- Urticaceae
-
- Urtica pilulifera: Bufotenin[60]
Mescaline
Species, Alkaloid Content (Fresh) - Alkaloid Content (Dried)
- Echinopsis lageniformis (syn. Trichocereus bridgesii) , Mescaline > 0.025%,[71] also 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine < 1%, 3-methoxytyramine < 1%, tyramine < 1% - Mescaline 2%[72]
- Echinopsis scopulicola (syn. Trichocereus scopulicola) , Mescaline[73]
- Echinopsis pachanoi (syn. Trichocereus pachanoi), Mescaline 0.006-0.12%, 0.05% Average[74] - Mescaline 0.01%-2.375%[74]
- Echinopsis spachiana (syn. Trichocereus spachianus), Mescaline[75] - Mescaline[75]
- Lophophora williamsii (Peyote), 0.4% Mescaline[73] - 3-6% Mescaline[75]
- Opuntia acanthocarpa Mescaline[75]
- Opuntia basilaris Mescaline 0.01%, plus 4-hydroxy-3-5-dimethoxyphenethylamine[75]
- Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica (syn. Opuntia cylindrica),[76] Mescaline[75]
- Cylindropuntia echinocarpa (syn. Opuntia echinocarpa), Mescaline 0.01%, 3-4-dimethoxyphenethylamine 0.01%, 4-hydroxy-3-5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 0.01%[75]
- Cylindropuntia spinosior (syn. Opuntia spinosior),[77] Mescaline 0.00004%, 3-methoxytyramine 0.001%, tyramine 0.002%, 3-4-dimethoxyphenethylamine.[75]
- Echinopsis macrogona (syn. Trichocereus macrogonus), > 0.01-0.05% Mescaline[78]
- Echinopsis peruviana (syn. Trichocereus peruvianus), Mescaline 0.0005%-0.12%[74] - Mescaline
- Echinopsis tacaquirensis subsp. taquimbalensis (syn. Trichocereus taquimbalensis),[79] > 0.005-0.025% Mescaline[78]
- Echinopsis terscheckii (syn. Trichocereus terscheckii, Trichocereus werdemannianus)[80] > 0.005-0.025% Mescaline[78] - Mescaline 0.01%-2.375%[74]
- Echinopsis valida , 0.025% Mescaline[73]
- Pelecyphora aselliformis, Mescaline[73]
Beta-carbolines
Beta-carbolines are "reversible" MAO-A inhibitors. They are found in some plants used to make Ayahuasca. In high doses the harmala alkaloids are somewhat hallucinogenic on their own.
- Apocynaceae
- Amsonia tabernaemontana, Harmine
- Aspidosperma exalatum, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Aspidosperma polyneuron, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Apocynum cannabinum, Harmalol
- Ochrosia nakaiana, Harman
- Pleicarpa mutica, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Bignoniaceae
- Newbouldia laevis, Harman
- Calycanthaceae
- Chenopodiaceae
- Hammada leptoclada, Tetrahydroharman, etc.
- Kochia scoparia, Harmine, etc.
- Combretaceae
- Guiera senegalensis, Harman, etc.
- Cyperaceae
- Carex brevicollis, Harmine, etc.
- Carex parva, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus angustifolia, Harman, etc.
- Elaeagnus commutata, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Elaeagnus hortensis, Tetrahydroharman, etc.
- Elaeagnus orientalis, Tetrahydroharman
- Elaeagnus spinosa, Tetrahydroharman
- Hippophae rhamnoides, Harman, etc.
- Shepherdia argentea, Tetrahydroharmol
- Shepherdia canadensis, Tetrahydroharmol
- Elaeagnus angustifolia, Harman, etc.
- Gramineae
- Arundo donax, Tetrahydroharman
- Festuca arundinacea, Harman, etc.
- Lolium perenne, (Perennial Ryegrass), Harman, etc.
- Phalaris aquatica, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Phalaris arundinacea, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Arundo donax, Tetrahydroharman
- Lauraceae
- Nectandra megapotamica, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Leguminosae
- Acacia baileyana, Tetrahydroharman
- Acacia complanata, Tetrahydroharman, etc.
- Burkea africana, Harman, etc.
- Desmodium gangeticum, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Desmodium gyrans, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Desmodium pulchellum, Harman, etc.
- Mucuna pruriens, 6-Methoxy-Harman
- Petalostylis labicheoides, Tetrahydroharman; MAO's up to 0.5%[60]
- Prosopis nigra, Harman, etc.
- Shepherdia pulchellum, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Loganiaceae
- Malpighiaceae
- Banisteriopsis argentia, 5-methoxytetrahydroharman, (-)-N(6)-methoxytetrahydroharman, dimethyltryptamine-N(6)-oxide[7]
- Banisteriopsis caapi, Harmine 0.31-0.84%,[82] tetrahydroharmine, telepathine, dihydroshihunine,[83] 5-MeO-DMT in bark[84]
- Banisteriopsis inebrians, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Banisteriopsis lutea, Harmine, telepathine[7]
- Banisteriopsis metallicolor, Harmine, telepathine[7]
- Banisteriopsis muricata, Harmine up to 6%, harmaline up to 4%, plus DMT[85]
- Diplopterys cabrerana, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Cabi pratensis, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Callaeum antifebrile(syn. Cabi paraensis), Harmine
- Myristicaceae
- Gymnacranthera paniculata, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Horsfieldia superba Beta-carbolines[59]
- Virola cuspidata, 6-Methoxy-Harman
- Virola rufula, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Virola theiodora, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Ochnaceae
- Testulea gabonensis, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Palmae
- Plectocomiopsis geminiflora, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Papaveraceae
- Meconopsis horridula, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Meconopsis napaulensis, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Meconopsis paniculata, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Meconopsis robusta, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Meconopsis rudis, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Papaver rhoeas, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Passifloraceae:
- Passiflora actinia, Harman
- Passiflora alata, Harman
- Passiflora alba, Harman
- Passiflora bryonoides, Harman
- Passiflora caerulea, Harman
- Passiflora capsularis, Harman
- Passiflora decaisneana, Harman
- Passiflora edulis, Harman, 0-7001 ppm[24] in fruit
- Passiflora eichleriana, Harman
- Passiflora foetida, Harman
- Passiflora incarnata (with bee), Harmine, Harmaline, Harman, etc. 0.03%.[86] Alkaloids in rind of fruit 0.25%[86]
- Passiflora quadrangularis, Harman
- Passiflora ruberosa, Harman
- Passiflora subpeltata, Harman
- Passiflora warmingii, Harman
- Polygonaceae
- Calligonum minimum, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Leptactinia densiflora, Leptaflorine, etc.
- Ophiorrhiza japonica, Harman
- Pauridiantha callicarpoides, Harman
- Pauridiantha dewevrei, Harman
- Pauridiantha lyalli, Harman
- Pauridiantha viridiflora, Harman
- Simira klugei, Harman
- Simira rubra, Harman
- Rubiaceae
- Borreria verticillata, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Leptactinia densiflora, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Nauclea diderrichii, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Ophiorrhiza japonica, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Pauridiantha callicarpoides, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Pauridiantha dewevrei, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Pauridiantha yalli, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Pauridiantha viridiflora, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Pavetta lanceolata, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Psychotria carthagenensis, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Psychotria viridis, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Simira klugei, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Simira rubra, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Uncaria attenuata, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Uncaria canescens, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Uncaria orientalis, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Rutaceae
- Sapotaceae
- Chrysophyllum lacourtianum, Norharman etc.
- Simaroubaceae
- Ailanthus malabarica, Beta-carbolines.[81] See also Nag Champa.
- Perriera madagascariensis, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Picrasma ailanthoides, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Picrasma crenata, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Picrasma excelsa, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Picrasma javanica, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Solanaceae
- Vestia foetida, (Syn V. lycioides) Beta-carbolines[81]
- Vestia foetida, (Syn V. lycioides) Beta-carbolines[81]
- Symplocaceae
- Symplocos racemosa, Harman
- Tiliaceae
- Grewia mollis, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Zygophyllaceae
- Fagonia cretica, Harman
- Nitraria schoberi, Beta-carbolines[81]
- Peganum harmala, (Syrian Rue), The seeds contain about 2-6% alkaloids, most of which is harmaline.[87] Peganum harmala is also an abortifacient.
- Peganum nigellastrum, Harmine[88]
- Tribulus terrestris, Harman
- Zygophyllum fabago, Harman, harmine
Plants containing other psychedelic substances
Salvinorin A Salvinorin A, 0.89-3.87 mg/g, also Salvinorin B and Salvinorin C[89] Cathinone Khat Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Pukateine Pukateine Thujone Thujone Damianin Damianin unknown The leaves or bark have been placed in cupped hands over the nose and inhaled as a mild hallucinogen Bulbocapnine Corydalis solida, Corydalis cava
Bulbocapnine, Nantenine, Tetrahydropalmatine Kavalactones Kavalactones Lagochilin Lagochilin is thought to be responsible for the sedative, hypotensive and hemostatic effects of this plant. Unknown Anethole, Chavicol, Coumarin, Estragole, Isorhamnetin, Methyleugenol, Quercitin Lactucarium Lactucarium Glaucine Glaucine Muscarinic Galbulimima belgraveana is rich in alkaloids and twenty-eight alkaloids have been isolated. Himbacine, himbeline, himandravine, himgravine, himbosine, himandridine, himandrine, G.B. 1, G. B. 2, G. B. 3, G. B. 4, G. B. 5, G. B. 6, G. B. 7, G. B. 8, G. B. 9, G. B. 10, G. B. 11, G. B. 12, himgaline, himbadine, G. B. 13, himgrine, G. B. 14, G. B. 15, G. B. 16, G. B. 17 and G. B. 18. Unknown Zornia latifolia, is mentioned in Food of the Gods as "an hallucinogenic substitute for cannabis". It's nicknamed Maconha brava because locals use it as a cannabis substitute. Unknown Used by Chinese residents of Mexico during the early 20th century as a legal substitute for opium and currently smoked as a marijuana substitute. Ergine Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian Baby Woodrose)
Seeds contain high amounts of LSA (also known as d-lysergic acid amide, d-lysergamide, ergine, and LA-111), often 50-150X the amounts found in Ipomoea violacea. Ibogaine Ibogaine in root bark[90] Ibogaine Tabernanthe orientalis
Ibogaine in root leaves[90] Ibogaine Tabernanthe pubescens
Ibogaine and similar alkaloids[90] Ibogaine Tabernaemontana sp.
Ibogaine[90] Ibogaine Ibogaine[91] Aporphine Recent studies have shown Nymphaea caerulea to have psychedelic properties, and may have been used as a sacrament in ancient Egypt and certain ancient South American cultures. Dosages of 5 to 10 grams of the flowers induces slight stimulation, a shift in thought processes, enhanced visual perception, and mild closed-eye visuals. Nymphaea caerulea is related to, and possesses similar activity as Nelumbo nucifera, the Sacred Lotus. Both Nymphaea caerulea and Nelumbo nucifera contain the alkaloids nuciferine and apomorphine, which have been recently isolated by independent labs. These psychoactive effects make Nymphaea caerulea a likely candidate (among several) for the lotus plant eaten by the mythical Lotophagi in Homer's Odyssey.
Used in aromatherapy, Nymphaea caerulea is purported to have a "divine" essence, bringing euphoria, heightened awareness and tranquility.
Other sources cite anti-spasmodic and sedative, purifying and calming properties.
Leonurine Both leaves and flowers (where most concentrated) contain Leonurine. (Effects reminiscent of marijuana) Leonurine Both leaves and flowers (where most concentrated) contain Leonurine. (Effects reminiscent of marijuana) Active Chemical Unknown Produces vivid dreams after smoking. It is also employed by the Chontal people as a medicinal herb against gastrointestinal disorders, and is used as an appetizer, cathartic anti-dysentery remedy, and as a fever-reducing agent. Its psychedelic properties do not become apparent until the user is asleep. Unknown Produces vivid dreams after smoking. Ipomoea tricolor & Ipomoea violacea D-lysergic acid amide and lysergic acid amides in the seeds; up to 0.12% total[92] Rivea corymbosa Seeds contain D-lysergic acid amide, lysergol, and turbicoryn; lysergic acid alkaloids up to 0.03%[93] Some Mirabilis sp. (Actually in Nyctaginaceae family) LSA Apocynaceae family:
- Catharanthus roseus is (perhaps unpleasantly) "hallucinogenic."[94]
- Vinca minor
Aquifoliaceae family:
- Ilex guayusa, which is used as an additive to some versions of Ayahuasca. According to the Ecuadorian indigenous, it is also slightly hallucinogenic on its own, when drunk in high enough quantities.
Euphorbiaceae family:
Loganaceae family:
- Desfontainia spinosa, causes visions[95]
Lythraceae family:
- Heimia myrtifolia, auditory[96]
- Heimia salicifolia, auditory[96]
See also
- Aztec entheogenic complex
- Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record
- God in a Pill?
- List of Entheogens
- List of poisonous plants
- List of plants used for smoking
- Louisiana State Act 159
- Psychoactive cacti
- Psilocybin mushrooms
- Table of psychedelic plants and fungi
References
- ^ "Ayahuasca Analogues". www.serendipity.li. http://www.serendipity.li/dmt/hoasca.html. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
- ^ IJ PACHTER, DE ZACHARIAS, O RIBEIRO - The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1959 -
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Trouts Notes on Sacred Cacti
- ^ "Profiles of Psychedelic Drugs". paranoia.lycaeum.org. http://paranoia.lycaeum.org/psychedelics/tryptamines/dmt.info. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
- ^ "Lycaeum > Leda > Acacia acuminata". leda.lycaeum.org. http://leda.lycaeum.org/?ID=15928. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Shaman Australis
- ^ a b c d Glasby, John Stephen (1991). Dictionary of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites. CRC Press. p. 2. ISBN 0850664233. http://books.google.com/?id=te53VV5u8YMC&pg=RA1-PA2&dq=acacia+alkaloids.
- ^ English Title: Nutritive value assessment of the tropical shrub legume Acacia angustissima: anti-nutritional compounds and in vitro digestibility. Personal Authors: McSweeney, C. S., Krause, D. O., Palmer, B., Gough, J., Conlan, L. L., Hegarty, M. P. Author Affiliation: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Long Pocket Laboratories, 120 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. Document Title: Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2005 (Vol. 121) (No. 1/2) 175-190
- ^ Maya Ethnobotanicals
- ^ a b c d e f g h Acacia (Polish)
- ^ Lycaeum
- ^ a b c d e f g Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen By Robert Hegnauer
- ^ a b c d e www.bushfood.net
- ^ Duboisia hopwoodii - Pituri Bush - Solanaceae - Central America
- ^ Ask Dr. Shulgin Online: Acacias and Natural Amphetamine
- ^ a b c d e f g h Index of Rätsch, Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen, Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen, 7. Auflage. AT Verlag, 2004, 941 Seiten. ISBN 3855025703 at [1] (German)
- ^ www.abc.net.au
- ^ Acacia Complanata Phytochemical Studies
- ^ Lycaeum -- Acacias and Entheogens
- ^ Lycaeum
- ^ NMR spectral assignments of a new chlorotryptamine alkaloid and its analogues from Acacia confusa Malcolm S. Buchanan, Anthony R. Carroll, David Pass, Ronald J. Quinn Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry Volume 45, Issue 4 , Pages359 - 361. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- ^ a b c Naturheilpraxis Fachforum (German)
- ^ Lycaeum
- ^ a b c Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
- ^ a b Wattle Seed Workshop Proceedings 12 March 2002, Canberra March 2003 RIRDC Publication No 03/024, RIRDC Project No WS012-06
- ^ www.bpi.da.gov.ph
- ^ Purdue University
- ^ a b c Hegnauer, Robert (1994). Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Springer. p. 500. ISBN 3764329793. http://books.google.com/?id=9fDv1RYqIRkC&dq=chemotaxonomie+der+pflanzen&printsec=frontcover#PPA290,M1.
- ^ "Lycaeum > Leda > Acacia floribunda". leda.lycaeum.org. http://leda.lycaeum.org/?ID=16001. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
- ^ Voogelbreinder, S. "Garden Of Eden" 2009
- ^ a b c d wiki.magiskamolekyler.org (Swedish)
- ^ "Lycaeum > Leda > Acacia longifolia". leda.lycaeum.org. http://leda.lycaeum.org/?ID=15799. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
- ^ extentech.sheetster.com
- ^ Acacia obtusifolia Phytochemical Studies
- ^ Plants Containing DMT (German)
- ^ "Acacia campylacantha - Hortipedia". www.hortipedia.org. http://www.hortipedia.org/de/index.php?title=Acacia_campylacantha. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
- ^ "Acacia rigidula - Magiska Molekylers Wiki". wiki.magiskamolekyler.org. http://wiki.magiskamolekyler.org/Acacia_rigidula. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
- ^ Chemistry of Acacias from South Texas
- ^ Arbeitsstelle für praktische Biologie (APB)
- ^ a b c d e f UNO
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
- ^ Herbotechnica (Spanish)
- ^ "Bufo alvarius - Jonathan Ott on Bufotenine". www.erowid.org. http://www.erowid.org/archive/sonoran_desert_toad/ott.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
- ^ Psychedelics Encyclopedia By Peter G. Stafford, p. 313.
- ^ PubMed
- ^ a b Desmanthus (Ayahuasca: alkaloids, plants & analogs)
- ^ Google Book Search. books.google.com. 1996-07-30. ISBN 9783764351656. http://books.google.com/?id=bUV8C6iLFkEC&pg=PA236&lpg=PA236&dq=%22Mimosa+somnians%22#PPA199,M1. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
- ^ "Desmodium caudatum information from NPGS/GRIN". www.ars-grin.gov. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?311307. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
- ^ Pharmaceutical-Neutraceutical Bulletin, Final
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag "Ayahuasca Analogues". www.serendipity.li. http://www.serendipity.li/dmt/hoasca.html. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
- ^ a b c Trout's Notes on Desmodium
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Erowid Tryptamine FAQ
- ^ "Isolation and Identification of Putative Hallucinogenic Constituents from the Roots of Mimosa ophthalmocentra - Pharmaceutical Biology". www.informaworld.com. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a714019539~db=all. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
- ^ Google Book Search. books.google.com. 1996-07-30. ISBN 9783764351656. http://books.google.com/?id=bUV8C6iLFkEC&pg=PA236&lpg=PA236&dq=%22Mimosa+somnians%22#PPA208,M1. Retrieved 2008-05-07.
- ^ Ask Erowid ID 75
- ^ "UNODC Bulletin on Narcotics 1969". http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1969-01-01_4_page004.html.
- ^ Erowid entry(2002)
- ^ "Kalifornischer Korallenstrauch (Erythrina decora) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". www.giftpflanzen.com. http://www.giftpflanzen.com/erythrina_flabelliformis.html. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
- ^ a b c d e Bluezoo Tryptamines
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Plants Containing DMT
- ^ DMT Plants List
- ^ "Species Information". sun.ars-grin.gov. http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=1065. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
- ^ a b www.tryptamines.com
- ^ Committee for veterinary medicinal products virola sebifera summary report
- ^ Toxicants of Plant Origin - Google Book Search. books.google.com. 1989. ISBN 9780849369902. http://books.google.com/?id=eASgQyXq8xMC&pg=PA169&dq=%22mimosa+hostilis%22+dimethyltryptamine#PPA171,M1. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
- ^ Erowid Arundo Donax Info Page 1
- ^ a b c Lycaeum
- ^ a b c Erowid Phalaris FAQ
- ^ Pomegranate (Herbdata New Zealand)
- ^ Amazing Nature
- ^ http://www.thenook.org/archives/tek/alklist.htm
- ^ Trichocereus
- ^ a b c d Lycaeum
- ^ a b c d Forbidden Fruit Archives
- ^ a b c d e f g h Visionary Cactus Guide
- ^ Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica (http://www.desert-tropicals.com)
- ^ Cylindropuntia spinosior (www.desert-tropicals.com)
- ^ a b c Partial List of Alkaloids in Trichocereus Cacti
- ^ Echinopsis tacaquirensis ssp. taquimbalensis
- ^ www.desert-tropicals.com
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd Angiosperm Families Containing Beta-Carbolines
- ^ Callaway JC, Brito GS & Neves ES (2005). Phytochemical analyses of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 37(2): 145-150.
- ^ John Stephen Glasby, Dictionary of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites, Published by CRC Press
- ^ "Chemical Information". sun.ars-grin.gov. http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/chemdisp.xsql. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
- ^ "Silbrige Ayahuasca-Liane (Banisteriopsis muricata) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". www.giftpflanzen.com. http://www.giftpflanzen.com/banisteriopsis_muricata.html. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
- ^ a b www.drugs.com
- ^ www.amazing-nature.com
- ^ "Alkaloids and phenylpropanoids from Peganum nigellastrum". Phytochemistry. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00440-9. PMID 10820833. http://proxify.com/p/011010A1000110/687474703a2f2f7777772e736369656e63656469726563742e636f6d2f736369656e63653f5f6f623d41727469636c6555524c265f7564693d42365448372d343031484747542d3152265f757365723d3130265f72646f633d31265f666d743d265f6f7269673d736561726368265f736f72743d6426766965773d63265f616363743d43303030303530323231265f76657273696f6e3d31265f75726c56657273696f6e3d30265f7573657269643d3130266d64353d6631346535636632633161653335346164393536316232336262646533643236. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
- ^ Clones of Salvia divinorum
- ^ a b c d Tihkal
- ^ Trachelospermum jasminoides (www.giftpflanzen.com)
- ^ "Trichterwinde (Ipomoea violacea) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". www.giftpflanzen.com. http://www.giftpflanzen.com/ipomoea_violacea.html. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
- ^ "Ololiuqui (Rivea corymbosa) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". www.giftpflanzen.com. http://www.giftpflanzen.com/rivea_corymbosa.html. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
- ^ Catharanthus roseus
- ^ Schultes, Richard Evans, Iconography of New World Plant Hallucinogens. p. 101
- ^ a b Sinicuichi FAQ
External links
- The Salvia Divinorum Blog Research And Information
- The Salvia Divinorum Mass Distribution Project
- Descriptions of psychoactive Cacti. Lycaeum Visionary Cactus Guide
- "Herbal Highs – Legal Buds Reviews" Components of street drug alternatives sold and used legally.
- Erowid Tryptamine FAQ – More Plants Containing Tryptamines
- John Stephen Glasby, Dictionary of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites, Published by CRC Press
- Golden Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants
- Hallucinogens on the Internet: A Vast New Source of Underground Drug Information John H. Halpern, M.D. and Harrison G. Pope, Jr., M.D.
- – Peter L. Katavic, Chemical Investigations of the Alkaloids From the Plants Of The Family Elaeocarpaceae, School of Science/Natural Product Discovery (NPD), Faculty of Science, Griffith University
- Alexander T. Shulgin, Psychotomimetic Drugs: Structure-Activity Relationships
- UNODC The plant kingdom and hallucinogens (part II)
- UNODC The plant kingdom and hallucinogens (part III)
- Virola – Dried Herbarium Specimens
- Virola Species Pictures – USGS
- Desmanthus illinoensis – USDA
- A General Introduction to Ayahuasca
- Psychedelic Reader (Google Books)
- Fagonia cretica, Harman